
The Aurora Borealis, also known as the Northern Lights, is one of nature’s most captivating spectacles. This ethereal display of dancing lights in the night sky has fascinated humans for centuries, drawing travellers from around the globe to witness its beauty. The quest to see this celestial phenomenon often leads adventurers to the far reaches of the Northern Hemisphere, where dark winter nights and clear skies provide the perfect canvas for nature’s light show.
For those eager to embark on their own aurora-chasing journey, understanding where and when to go is crucial. The Northern Lights are visible in a ring-like region around the Earth’s magnetic North Pole, known as the auroral zone. This area extends over several countries, each offering unique landscapes and experiences to complement the aurora viewing.
Aurora borealis hotspots: top global destinations
While the Northern Lights can potentially be seen from various locations in the Northern Hemisphere, some destinations stand out for their reliability and the quality of the aurora experiences they offer. These hotspots combine favourable geographic positioning with excellent infrastructure for aurora tourism, making them prime choices for those seeking to witness this natural wonder.
Tromsø, norway: arctic capital of northern lights
Often referred to as the ‘Paris of the North’, Tromsø is situated 350 kilometres north of the Arctic Circle, placing it squarely within the auroral zone. This Norwegian city offers a unique blend of urban amenities and easy access to pristine wilderness, making it an ideal base for Northern Lights expeditions. Tromsø’s position at 69°N latitude means it experiences the polar night from late November to late January, providing extended hours of darkness for aurora viewing.
The city is surrounded by fjords, islands, and mountains, offering diverse landscapes for aurora photography. Visitors can choose from a variety of aurora-chasing experiences, from comfortable bus tours to more adventurous snowmobile safaris. Tromsø also boasts a rich cultural scene, with museums, restaurants, and the iconic Arctic Cathedral providing daytime attractions between night-time aurora hunts.
Fairbanks, alaska: auroral zone epicentre
Located in the heart of Alaska’s interior, Fairbanks is renowned for its exceptional aurora viewing opportunities. The city’s position under the ‘Auroral Oval’ – a ring-shaped region around the North Pole where aurora activity is concentrated – makes it one of the most reliable places in the world to see the Northern Lights. Fairbanks enjoys long, clear winter nights and relatively stable weather, further enhancing its appeal for aurora chasers.
Visitors to Fairbanks can enjoy aurora viewing from purpose-built heated ‘aurorium’ cabins, take night-time dog sledding tours, or relax in outdoor hot springs while watching the lights dance overhead. The University of Alaska Fairbanks even offers a Northern Lights forecast , helping visitors plan their viewing excursions with greater precision.
Abisko, sweden: clear skies in lapland
Nestled in the heart of Swedish Lapland, Abisko National Park is famed for its Aurora Sky Station and exceptionally clear skies. The area benefits from a unique microclimate that often results in a ‘blue hole’ of clear sky, even when surrounding areas are cloudy. This phenomenon, combined with Abisko’s location 195 kilometres north of the Arctic Circle, makes it one of Europe’s premier aurora-viewing destinations.
The Aurora Sky Station, accessible by chairlift, offers an elevated viewing platform far from any light pollution. Visitors can also enjoy aurora-themed dining experiences, photography courses, and guided tours through the snow-covered landscape. Abisko’s remote location and stunning natural beauty provide an immersive Arctic experience that complements the Northern Lights spectacle.
Reykjavik, iceland: geothermal wonders and celestial displays
While Reykjavik itself may have too much light pollution for optimal aurora viewing, its proximity to dark, rural areas makes it an excellent base for Northern Lights expeditions. Iceland’s position just below the Arctic Circle and its relatively mild winter climate (thanks to the Gulf Stream) create favourable conditions for aurora hunting. The country’s diverse landscapes – from black sand beaches to glacial lagoons – offer dramatic foregrounds for aurora photography.
Visitors can join guided tours that combine Northern Lights viewing with visits to Iceland’s famous geothermal areas. Imagine watching the aurora dance above steaming hot springs or reflected in the still waters of the Blue Lagoon. Iceland’s well-developed tourism infrastructure means there are options for every budget, from self-drive tours to luxury guided experiences.
Yellowknife, canada: northwest territories’ aurora hub
Situated on the northern shore of Great Slave Lake in Canada’s Northwest Territories, Yellowknife is a top destination for aurora enthusiasts. The city’s location under the auroral oval, combined with its remarkably clear winter skies, provides visitors with a high probability of seeing the Northern Lights. Yellowknife boasts over 200 potential viewing nights per year, earning it the nickname ‘Aurora Capital of North America’.
Visitors to Yellowknife can choose from a variety of aurora-viewing experiences, including heated tee-pee camps, photography workshops, and even flights that take you above the clouds for an unobstructed view of the lights. The city’s rich Indigenous culture also offers opportunities to learn about traditional interpretations and legends surrounding the Northern Lights.
Optimal timing: seasonal aurora visibility patterns
Understanding the seasonal patterns of aurora visibility is crucial for planning a successful Northern Lights trip. While the aurora occurs year-round, it’s only visible to the naked eye when the sky is dark enough and clear of clouds. This creates a viewing ‘season’ that varies depending on the latitude of your chosen destination.
Solar maximum cycle and auroral activity
The intensity and frequency of auroral displays are closely linked to solar activity, which follows an approximately 11-year cycle. During the solar maximum , the sun emits more charged particles, leading to more frequent and intense auroras. The current solar cycle (Cycle 25) began in December 2019 and is expected to peak around 2025, making the next few years an excellent time for aurora hunting.
However, it’s important to note that impressive auroral displays can occur at any point in the solar cycle. Even during solar minimum, persistent auroral activity continues, especially within the auroral zone. The key is to choose a location well-positioned for aurora viewing and to allow enough time in your trip to account for variations in weather and solar activity.
Dark sky periods: september to march prime viewing
For most aurora-viewing destinations in the Northern Hemisphere, the prime viewing season runs from late September to late March. This period offers the darkest skies and longest nights, particularly around the winter solstice in December. However, each month within this range offers its own advantages:
- September and March: Milder temperatures and a chance to see auroras reflected in open water before freeze-up
- October and February: Generally stable weather with a good balance of darkness and milder temperatures
- November to January: The darkest period, offering the longest potential viewing windows each night
It’s worth noting that the specific ‘best’ time can vary by location. For instance, coastal areas might have clearer skies in autumn before winter storms set in, while inland areas might offer more stable viewing conditions in the depths of winter.
Midnight sun phenomenon: summer limitations
While summer in the far north offers its own unique charms, including the midnight sun , it’s not conducive to aurora viewing. In destinations above the Arctic Circle, the sun doesn’t set for weeks or even months around the summer solstice. This extended daylight makes it impossible to see the aurora, even though it may be active in the upper atmosphere.
For example, in Tromsø, Norway, the midnight sun period lasts from May 20 to July 22, making aurora viewing impossible during this time. Similar conditions exist in other high-latitude destinations. If you’re planning a summer trip to these regions, focus on other attractions like hiking, wildlife viewing, and experiencing the unique phenomenon of 24-hour daylight.
Aurora forecasting: tools and technologies
The unpredictable nature of the Northern Lights has long been part of their mystique. However, modern technology has made it possible to forecast auroral activity with increasing accuracy. Understanding and utilizing these tools can significantly enhance your chances of witnessing a spectacular display.
Aurorawatch UK: real-time magnetometer data
AuroraWatch UK, operated by Lancaster University, provides real-time alerts about auroral activity visible from the UK. While primarily focused on the British Isles, the service offers valuable insights into broader geomagnetic conditions that can affect aurora visibility across northern Europe.
The service uses magnetometers to measure disturbances in the Earth’s magnetic field caused by the solar wind. When these disturbances reach certain thresholds, AuroraWatch UK issues alerts via email, Twitter, and their mobile app. While not a guarantee of visibility, these alerts can provide valuable heads-up for potential aurora activity.
Space weather prediction center: NOAA’s geomagnetic forecasts
The Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC), part of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), offers comprehensive space weather forecasts, including predictions for geomagnetic activity that drives the aurora. Their 3-Day Forecast provides an outlook for geomagnetic conditions, which correlates with potential aurora visibility.
The SWPC uses a variety of data sources, including satellite observations of the sun and measurements of the solar wind, to create their forecasts. They also provide a Kp index
forecast, a global geomagnetic activity index that ranges from 0 to 9. Generally, a Kp index of 5 or higher indicates good potential for aurora viewing, even at lower latitudes.
Aurora alert apps: mobile notifications for sightings
Several mobile applications have been developed to provide real-time aurora alerts and forecasts. These apps often combine data from various sources, including geomagnetic activity measurements, weather forecasts, and even user reports of aurora sightings. Some popular options include:
- Aurora Alert: Offers customizable alerts based on your location and desired aurora intensity
- My Aurora Forecast: Provides probability forecasts and a live aurora oval map
- Northern Lights Alert: Focuses on Nordic countries with local weather integration
While these apps can be valuable tools, it’s important to remember that aurora forecasting is not an exact science. Clear skies and patience remain essential ingredients for successful aurora viewing.
Aurora photography: capturing the celestial light show
Photographing the Northern Lights is a rewarding challenge that requires specific techniques and equipment. Capturing these ethereal displays allows you to preserve the memory of your aurora experience and share it with others. However, aurora photography demands more than just point-and-shoot skills.
Camera equipment: Full-Frame sensors and Wide-Angle lenses
For optimal aurora photography, a camera with manual settings and the ability to shoot in RAW format is essential. Full-frame DSLR or mirrorless cameras are preferred due to their superior low-light performance and dynamic range. These cameras can capture more light and detail in the dark conditions typical of aurora viewing.
A wide-angle lens is crucial for capturing the expansive nature of auroral displays. Lenses with focal lengths between 14mm and 24mm are popular choices. Look for lenses with wide maximum apertures (f/2.8 or wider) to allow more light into the sensor. Some recommended lenses include:
- Sigma 14mm f/1.8 DG HSM Art
- Nikon 14-24mm f/2.8G ED
- Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8L III USM
A sturdy tripod is also essential to keep your camera stable during long exposures. Look for a tripod that’s both stable and lightweight, as you may need to carry it over snow or rough terrain.
Exposure settings: long exposures and high ISO techniques
Aurora photography typically involves long exposures to capture enough light from the dim aurora. However, because the aurora can move quickly, excessively long exposures can result in blurred images. A good starting point for camera settings is:
- Aperture: As wide as possible (f/2.8 or wider)
- ISO: Start at 1600 and adjust as needed
- Shutter speed: Begin with 15 seconds and adjust based on aurora movement
The exact settings will depend on the intensity of the aurora and the amount of ambient light. For very bright, fast-moving auroras, you might use a faster shutter speed and lower ISO. For fainter displays, you might need to increase the ISO or exposure time.
Using your camera’s live view
mode can help with focusing in the dark. Set your lens to manual focus and use the live view to focus on a bright star or distant light. Some photographers use the ‘infinity’ focus mark on their lens, but this isn’t always accurate.
Post-processing: enhancing aurora colors in RAW files
Shooting in RAW format allows for significant post-processing flexibility. RAW files contain more data than JPEGs, allowing you to adjust white balance, recover shadow details, and fine-tune colors without degrading image quality.
When processing aurora photos, pay attention to:
- White balance: Adjust to bring out the true colors of the aurora
- Noise reduction: Apply carefully to reduce graininess without losing detail
- Contrast and clarity: Enhance to make the aurora ‘pop’ against the night sky
Remember that while post-processing can enhance your images, it’s important to maintain a realistic representation of what you saw. The goal is to bring out the beauty of the aurora, not to create an unrealistic fantasy.
Sustainable aurora tourism: Eco-Friendly viewing practices
As interest in aurora tourism grows, it’s crucial to consider the environmental impact of these activities. Sustainable practices ensure that future generations can continue to enjoy the Northern Lights and the pristine environments where they’re best viewed.
Dark sky preserves: minimizing light pollution
Dark Sky Preserves are areas where artificial lighting is strictly controlled to maintain natural darkness. These areas not only provide excellent conditions for aurora viewing but also protect nocturnal ecosystems and conserve energy. Some notable Dark Sky Preserves for aurora viewing include:
- Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada
- Torngat Mountains National Park, Canada
- Westhavelland Nature Park, Germany
When visiting these areas, it’s important to follow dark sky etiquette. Use red-light headlamps instead of white light to preserve night vision, and avoid using flash photography, which can disrupt both wildlife and other aurora viewers.
Indigenous cultural respect: aurora myths and legends
Many Indigenous cultures have rich traditions and legends surrounding the Northern Lights. For example, some Inuit peoples believe the lights are the spirits of their ancestors playing celestial games. Respecting and learning about these cultural perspectives can enrich your aurora-viewing experience.
When visiting Indigenous lands or participating in cultural tours, it’s important to:
- Ask permission before taking photographs of people or sacred sites
- Listen respectfully to traditional stories and explanations
- Support Indigenous-owned businesses and guided tours
By engaging with local cultures respectfully, you can gain a deeper appreciation for the spiritual and cultural significance of the aurora.
Low-impact transportation: electric snowmobiles and silent tours
Traditional methods of aurora chasing, such as snowmobile tours, can be noisy and polluting. However, innovative tour operators are now offering more environmentally friendly options. Electric snowmobiles
and silent tours, are gaining popularity in aurora-viewing destinations. These vehicles offer a quieter, emission-free alternative to traditional snowmobiles, allowing visitors to experience the Northern Lights without disturbing the tranquil Arctic environment.
Some tour operators also offer “silent tours” that use non-motorized transportation methods such as dog sleds, cross-country skis, or snowshoes. These tours not only reduce environmental impact but also provide a more immersive and peaceful aurora-viewing experience.
Additionally, some destinations are promoting the use of public transportation or shared shuttles to aurora-viewing sites, reducing the number of individual vehicles on the road. This approach not only decreases carbon emissions but also minimizes light pollution from vehicle headlights.
By choosing eco-friendly transportation options, aurora chasers can enjoy the spectacle of the Northern Lights while minimizing their impact on the delicate Arctic ecosystems.